A abordagem da questão do trabalho no campo da Saúde Coletiva e no Sistema Único de Saúde: limites e desafios / The approach to the issue of work in the field of Collective Health and in the Brazilian Unified Health System limits and challenges

A partir do referencial teórico marxista e da centralidade do trabalho, estudamos como o campo da Saúde Coletiva e o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) vêm abordando a questão do trabalho. Partimos da hipótese de que o trabalho é fator central na determinação social da saúde, mas que a atuação estatal sobre essa questão é precária e insuficiente; ao mesmo tempo, entendemos que o campo da Saúde Coletiva vem se afastando do debate sobre o trabalho em uma perspectiva emancipatória. Realizamos revisão narrativa de 53 artigos publicados em três periódicos do campo, sendo 34 propriamente teóricos e 19 referentes a políticas públicas. Apresentamos o debate organizado por categorias, seguido de balanço crítico. Identificamos que é pouco abordada a relação entre o campo denominado Saúde do Trabalhador e o campo da Saúde Coletiva. Notamos a relativa ausência do debate sobre a determinação social da saúde, ao mesmo tempo que o termo determinantes sociais da saúde aparece com frequência. Constatamos que as obra de Marx e da Sociologia do Trabalho são relativamente pouco citadas, embora possam contribuir para a compreensão do trabalho em perspectiva emancipatória. Avaliamos que o debate sobre a Rede Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Trabalhador aparece nos artigos de forma descritiva, abordando pouco a precariedade e a insuficiência da atenção à saúde dos trabalhadores no SUS. O papel da Atenção Primária à Saúde é mencionado sem levar em conta que a população trabalhadora já é atendida por esses serviços, como se as questões de Saúde do Trabalhador constituíssem uma nova atribuição. Os desafios estruturais do SUS são abordados de forma fragmentada e superficial. A atuação desarticulada dos setores do Estado sobre a questão do trabalho é retratada, mas não se analisa as contradições de forma mais ampla. Consideramos que é necessário retomar a articulação entre a Reforma Sanitária Brasileira e a perspectiva revolucionária de superação do capitalismo, ao menos em termos teóricos.

Based on the Marxist theory and on the theoretical reference of the centrality of work, we study how the field of Collective Health and the Brazilian Unified Health System (UHS) have been approaching the issue of work. We start from the hypothesis that work is a central factor in the social determination of health, but that state action on this issue is precarious and insufficient. At the same time, we understand that the field of Collective Health has been moving away from the debate about work in an emancipatory perspective. We carried out a narrative review of 53 articles published in three journals of the field, 34 of which are theoretical and 19 are related to public policies. We present the debate organized by categories, followed by critical review. We identify that the relationship between the field called Occupational Health and the field of Collective Health is little discussed. We note the relative absence of the debate on the social determination of health, while the term social determinants of health appears frequently. We find that the work of Marx and the Sociology of Work are relatively little cited, although they may contribute to the understanding of work in an emancipatory perspective. We evaluate that the debate about the National Network of Integral Attention to Workers' Health appears in the articles in a descriptive way, addressing little the precariousness and insufficiency of health care of workers in the UHS. The role of Primary Health Care is mentioned without taking into account that the working population is already served by these services, as if Workers' Health issues constituted a new assignment. The structural challenges of UHS are addressed in a fragmented and superficial way. The disjointed performance of the state sectors on the issue of work is portrayed, but contradictions are not analyzed more broadly. We consider that it is necessary to resume the articulation between the Brazilian Sanitary Reform and the revolutionary perspective of overcoming capitalism, at least in theoretical terms.

How to avoid discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment: The experience in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the importance of providing guidelines to patients via active telephone calls for blood pressure control and for preventing the discontinuation of treatment among hypertensive patients. INTRODUCTION: Many reasons exist for non-adherence to medical regimens, and one of the strategies employed to improve treatment compliance is the use of active telephone calls. METHODS: Hypertensive patients (n=354) who could receive telephone calls to remind them of their medical appointments and receive instruction about hypertension were distributed into two groups: a) "uncomplicated" - hypertensive patients with no other concurrent diseases and b) "complicated" - severe hypertensive patients (mean diastolic ≥ 110 mmHg with or without medication) or patients with comorbidities. All patients, except those excluded (n=44), were open-block randomized to follow two treatment regimens ("traditional" or "current") and to receive or not receive telephone calls ("phone calls" and "no phone calls" groups, respectively). RESULTS: Significantly fewer patients in the "phone calls" group discontinued treatment compared to those in the "no phone calls" group (4 vs. 30; p<0.0094). There was no difference in the percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure in the "phone calls" group and "no phone calls" group or in the "traditional" and "current" groups. The percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) was increased at the end of the treatment (74%), reaching 80% in the "uncomplicated" group and 67% in the "complicated" group (p<0.000001). CONCLUSION: Guidance to patients via active telephone calls is an efficient strategy for preventing the discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment.

How to avoid discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment: The experience in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the importance of providing guidelines to patients via active telephone calls for blood pressure control and for preventing the discontinuation of treatment among hypertensive patients. INTRODUCTION: Many reasons exist for non-adherence to medical regimens, and one of the strategies employed to improve treatment compliance is the use of active telephone calls. METHODS: Hypertensive patients (n=354) who could receive telephone calls to remind them of their medical appointments and receive instruction about hypertension were distributed into two groups: a) "uncomplicated" - hypertensive patients with no other concurrent diseases and b) "complicated" - severe hypertensive patients (mean diastolic >110 mmHg with or without medication) or patients with comorbidities. All patients, except those excluded (n=44), were open-block randomized to follow two treatment regimens ("traditional" or "current") and to receive or not receive telephone calls ("phone calls" and "no phone calls" groups, respectively). RESULTS: Significantly fewer patients in the "phone calls" group discontinued treatment compared to those in the "no phone calls" group (4 vs. 30; p<0.0094). There was no difference in the percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure in the "phone calls" group and "no phone calls" group or in the "traditional" and "current" groups. The percentage of patients with controlled blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) was increased at the end of the treatment (74 percent), reaching 80 percent in the "uncomplicated" group and 67 percent in the "complicated" group (p<0.000001). CONCLUSION: Guidance to patients via active telephone calls is an efficient strategy for preventing the discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment.